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7 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Fifteen studied dietary sources of calcium (n=810 calcium, n=723 controls),16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 and 51 studied calcium supplements (n=6547 calcium, n=5710 controls).7 12 13 14 15 17 19 20 21 22 26 28 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Table 1 ? shows study design and selected baseline characteristics for included studies of dietary calcium. Tables 2 and 3 show the study design and selected baseline characteristics for trials of calcium supplements, without and with additional vitamin D, respectively. ? ? Further details are in tables A-C in appendix 2. Of the 15 randomised controlled trials of dietary sources of calcium, 10 used milk or milk powder, two used dairy products, and three used hydroxyapatite preparations. Of the 51 trials of calcium supplements, 36 studied calcium monotherapy, 13 co-administered CaD, and two were multi-arm studies of both. Table 4 summarises other features of the trials ? . Most of them studied calcium without vitamin D in women aged <70 living in the community; the mean baseline dietary calcium intake was <800 mg/day; and most trials lasted ?2 years. A calcium dose of >500 mg/day was used in most trials, but a higher proportion of trials of calcium supplements used a dose of ?1000 mg/day. Table C in appendix 2 shows our assessment of risk of bias. Of the 15 trials of dietary sources of calcium, we assessed two as low risk of bias, six as moderate risk, and seven as high risk. Of the 51 trials of calcium supplements, we assessed 19 as low risk of bias, 12 as moderate risk, and 20 as high risk.
Design of randomised managed trials and you may chose baseline functions from eligible samples off calcium supplements that can utilized vitamin D capsules
First analyses
Table 5 ? summarises the outcome of one’s meta-analyses. Broadening calcium supplements consumption out-of weight-loss offer increased BMD by the 0.6-step one.0% in the full hip and total human body within 12 months and you will of the 0.7-step one.8% at those web sites as well as the lumbar lower back and you can femoral neck at couple of years (figs step 1 and you can dos ? ? . There can be zero effect on BMD during the forearm.
Fig 1 Random outcomes meta-research away from effectation of weight reduction sourced elements of calcium towards fee transform in bones mineral density (BMD) out-of baseline at the 12 months
Fig 2 Arbitrary effects meta-data regarding single incontri mormoni gratis effectation of weight loss resources of calcium supplements toward payment transform into the bone nutrient occurrence (BMD) of baseline during the 2 years
Once we minimal the newest analyses into twelve randomised regulated trials of milk otherwise dairy food, from the leaving out three trials away from hydroxyapatite, discover nothing change in the outcomes. Calcium supplements improved BMD at all five skeletal web sites by 0.7-1.4% at the 12 months (figs step three and you may 4 ? ? ), by 0.8-step 1.5% at the 24 months (figs 5 and you can six ? ? ), and by 0.8-step one.8% on more than two-and-a-half ages (fig seven ? ) (variety of time of samples are 3 to 5 years).